Food security / Sécurité alimentaire

Illegal drug plant cultivation and armed conflicts. Case studies from Asia and Northern Africa

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2018 / Crisis and Conflict in the Agrarian World: An Evolving Dialectic.

In Asia and other continents, the internal peace of a number of countries has been affected, sometimes even conditioned, by the existence of illegal agricultural production and the ensuing illegal trade (Chouvy and Laniel, 2007). However, through loss of politico-territorial control, the armed conflicts that have afflicted certain states have made possible and even encouraged the development of such agricultural production and trafficking.

Illegal Opium Production in the Mishmi Hills of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2015 / European Bulletin of Himalayan Research.

Illegal opium production in India is likely to have been greatly underestimated for years, as shown by the recent estimates of illegal cultivation in some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. This paper addresses two related issues: by exposing the estimated extent of illegal opium poppy cultivation in Arunachal Pradesh through a review of existing literature as well as first hand empirical work, it suggests that India is probably one the world’s major illegal opium producers.

L’opium afghan: vingt ans de suprématie mondiale

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2013 / Drogues, enjeux internationaux.

Au moment où les troupes de l’OTAN préparent leur départ d’Afghanistan, prévu pour la fin de l’année 2014, le cinquième numéro de Drogues, enjeux internationaux est consacré à un état des lieux de la situation des opiacés dans ce pays. L’Afghanistan est en effet devenu en l’espace d’une trentaine d’années le premier producteur illicite d’opium au monde, mais aussi
probablement le premier producteur mondial d’une héroïne destinée pour une bonne part au
marché européen. La situation en Afghanistan, au-delà du « grand jeu » stratégique et sécuritaire des grandes puissances au cœur de la région disputée de l’Asie centrale, concerne
donc directement l’Europe, car l’héroïne demeure la substance illicite la plus problématique
en matière de santé publique.

Agricultural Drug Economies: Cause or Alternative to Intra-State Conflicts?

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2007 / Crime, Law and Social Change.

Through case studies selected among the world’s main drug-producer countries and regions (Afghanistan, Bolivia, Burma, Colombia, Morocco, Peru, and West Africa) this paper depicts the global scene in order to improve understanding of how agricultural illicit drug economies may foster the emergence of intra-state conflicts, help prolong intra-state conflicts or, conversely, prevent some crises. The paper thereby examines the complex connections between agricultural illicit drug production and intra-state conflict in the all-important context of underdevelopment and globalisation.

Finding an Alternative to Illicit Opium Production in Afghanistan, and Elsewhere

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2011 / International Journal of Environmental Studies.

Prohibition attempts have failed for over a century, as the case of Afghanistan shows. There are many and complex reasons for this. Illicit opium production has benefited from synergies between war economies and drug economies, in Afghanistan and elsewhere. It has also thrived on economic underdevelopment and poverty. Part of the problem is that illicit opium production largely outlives war and that economic development can only occur in countries and regions where peace prevails. What is needed to reduce poppy cultivation is broad and equitable economic development. Ignoring the causes of opium production or making them worse by increasing poverty through forced eradication, will compromise antidrug policies and stabilisation efforts.

Myanmar’s Wa: Likely losers in the opium war

Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy / 2003 / Asia Times.

Illicit opium production occurs predominantly in Asia, although opium and heroin are also being increasingly produced in Colombia and Mexico. While post-Taliban Afghanistan has regained its position as the first producer of illicit opium in the world (see The ironies of Afghan opium production, September 17, 2003, Asia Times), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has monitored a decline of production in Myanmar in 2003.